PRESENT ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Volume 19, Issue no.1/ 2025

Authors :

Lucy IKUMU 1, Bessy KATHAMBI 2, Karatu KIEMO 3

1 Department of Earth and Climate Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya. 

2 Wangari Maathai Institute for Peace and Environmental Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya. 

3 Institute of Development Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

E-mail : * Corresponding author: ikumulucy@gmail.com

https://doi.org/10.47743/pesd2025191017

VIEW FULL TEXT

1. Adelekan, I.; Johnson, C.; Manda, M.; Matyas, D.; Mberu, B.; Parnell, S.; Pelling, M.; Satterthwaite, D.; Vivekananda, J. (2015).; Disaster risk and its reduction: An agenda for urban Africa. International Development Planning Review, 37(1), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2015.4 
2. Amaratunga, D.; Anzellini, V.; Guadagno, L.; Hagen, J.S.; et al. (2023) United Nations office for disaster risk reduction regional assessment report on disaster risk reduction 2023, Europe and Central Asia. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10182237/ 
3. Bahadur, A.; Peters, K.; Wilkinson, E.; Pichon, F.; Gray, K.; Tanner, T. (2015) The 3As: Tracking Resilience Across BRACED. Unpublished. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3813.2965 
4. Bangay, C.; Blum, N. (2010) Education responses to climate change and quality: Two parts of the same agenda? International Journal of Educational Development, 30(4), 359–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2009.11.011 
5. Barrett, C.B.; Reardon, T.; Webb, P. (2001) Nonfarm income diversification and household livelihood strategies in rural Africa: Concepts, dynamics, and policy implications. Food Policy, 26(4), 315–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-9192(01)00014-8 
6. Below, T.; Artner, A.; Siebert, R.; Sieber, S. (2010) Micro-level practices to adapt to climate change for African small-scale farmers: A review of selected literature. IFPRI Discussion Paper 00953. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/154682 
7. Birkmann, J.; McMillan, J.M. (2025) Linking Hazard Vulnerability, Risk Reduction, and Adaptation. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science. Retrieved April 17, 2025, from https://oxfordre.com/naturalhazardscience/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.0 01.0001/acrefore-9780199389407-e-145
8.   Birkmann, J.; von Teichman, K. (2010) Integrating disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation: Key challenges—scales, knowledge, and norms. Sustainability Science, 5(2), 171–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-010-0108-y 
9. Carrington, M.A.; Ranse, J.; Hammad, K. (2021) The impact of disasters on emergency department resources: Review against the Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015–2030. Australasian Emergency Care, 24(1), 55–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.auec.2020.09.003 
10. Chisty, M.A.; Muhtasim, M.; Biva, F.J.; Dola, S.E.A.; Khan, N.A. (2022) Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) and disaster management policies in Bangladesh: How far we have come to make communities resilient? International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 76, 103039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103039 
11. Cremin, E.; O’Connor, J.; Banerjee, S.; Bui, L.H.; Chanda, A.; Hua, H.H.; Van Huynh, D.; Le, H.; Murshed, S.B.; Mashfiqus, S.; Vu, A.; Sebesvari, Z.; Large, A.; Renaud, F.G. (2023) Aligning the Global Delta Risk Index with SDG and SFDRR global frameworks to assess risk to socio-ecological systems in river deltas. Sustainability Science, 18(4), 1871– 1891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-023-01295-3 
12.  Cutter, S.L. (2020) Community resilience, natural hazards, and climate change: Is the present a prologue to the future? Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography, 74(3), 200–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/00291951.2019.1692066 
13. Disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation: Coherence pathways in Europe and Central Asia | UNDRR. (2025, April 16). https://www.undrr.org/publication/disaster-risk- reduction-and-climate-change-adaptation-coherence-pathways-europe-and 
14.  Ellis, F. (2000) The Determinants of Rural Livelihood Diversification in Developing Countries. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 51(2), 289–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.2000.tb01229.x 
15. Fatemi, M.N.; Okyere, S.A.; Diko, S.K.; Kita, M.; Shimoda, M.; Matsubara, S. (2020) Physical Vulnerability and Local Responses to Flood Damage in Peri-Urban Areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Sustainability, 12, 3957. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12103957 
16.  Flatø, M.; Muttarak, R.; Pelser, A. (2017) Women, Weather, and Woes: The Triangular Dynamics of Female-Headed Households, Economic Vulnerability, and Climate Variability in South Africa. World Development, 90, 41–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.015 
17.  Gall, M.; Nguyen, K.H.; Cutter, S. L. (2015); Integrated research on disaster risk: Is it really integrated? International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 12, 255–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2015.01.010 
18. Hagos, H.G.; Gebrewahid, H.T.; Gebrehiwot, G. (2021) Gender Difference in Climate Change Perception, and Adaptation Strategies: The Case of Central Zone of Tigrai Region, Ethiopia. ITYOPIS: Northeast African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(1), Article 1. 
19. Hallegatte, S.; Bangalore, M.; Bonzanigo, L.; Fay, M.; Narloch, U.; Rozenberg, J.; Vogt- Schilb, A. (2014). Climate Change and Poverty—An Analytical Framework, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 7126, (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 2531160). Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2531160 
20. Creswell, J.W. (2018) Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Fifth edition. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, Inc.; 2018 
21. Jones, L.; Boyd, E. (2011) Exploring social barriers to adaptation: Insights from Western Nepal. Global Environmental Change, 21(4), 1262–1274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.06.002 
22. Lain, J.; Bishop, D. (2018) Resilience in Kenya: Impact evaluation of the “Building Resilience in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands of Northern Kenya” project. Oxfam GB. https://doi.org/10.21201/2018.2487 
23. Lutta, A.I.; Wasonga, O.V.; Robinson, L.W.; Nyangito, M.M.; Sircely, J. (2021) Determinants of livestock market participation among pastoral communities of Tana River County, Kenya. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(5), 7393–7411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00922-8 
24. Machio, P.M.; Sallu, S.M.; Waized, B.; Mwanri, A.W.; Duodu, K.G. (2025) A gendered analysis of adaptive capacity and food security in Makueni County, Kenya. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1494475 
25. Maru, Y.T.; Stafford Smith, M.; Sparrow, A.; Pinho, P.F.; Dube, O.P. (2014) A linked vulnerability and resilience framework for adaptation pathways in remote disadvantaged communities. Global Environmental Change, 28, 337–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.12.007 
26. Mburu, M.G. (2020) Flood Disaster risk reduction strategies and participation rates of pupils in primary schools in Tana Delta Sub County, Tana River County Kenya [Thesis, University of Nairobi]. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/153015 
27. Moore, S.; Colwell, R. (2025) Climate change and the resurgence of waterborne diseases: Focus on Sub-Saharan Africa. Field Actions Science Reports. The Journal of Field Actions, Special Issue 27, Article Special Issue 27. 
28. Moyo, E.; Nhari, L.G.; Moyo, P.; Murewanhema, G.; Dzinamarira, T. (2023) Health effects of climate change in Africa: A call for an improved implementation of prevention measures. Eco-Environment & Health, 2(2), 74–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eehl.2023.04.004 
29.  Moyo, F.; Dube, Z.L.; Nkala, P.; Ncube, V.; Mathe, T.T.; Murai, T.; Ndlovu, T.; Mamba, F.S.; Ncube, M.; Ndlovu, S.; Ndlovu, N.; Ndlovu, A. (2025) Climate-Change Resilience and Women’s Participation in Food-Security Initiatives. A Review of Amalima-Loko Programmes in Nkayi, Zimbabwe. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 00219096251313536. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219096251313536 
30.  Mubaya, C.P.; Mafongoya, P.L.; Obert, J. (2017) Contextualizing gender in climate change adaptation in semi-arid Zimbabwe. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 9(4), 488–500. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-07-2016-0095 
31. Muthuwatta, L.; Sood, A.; McCartney, M.; Silva, N.S.; Opere, A. (2018). Understanding the Impacts of Climate Change in the Tana River Basin, Kenya. Proceedings of IAHS, 379, 37–42. https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-379-37-2018 
32.  Namba_S..pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2025, from https://repository.nwu.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10394/42322/Namba_S.pdf?sequence= 1 
33. Niekerk, D.V. (2015) Disaster risk governance in Africa: A retrospective assessment of progress against the Hyogo Framework for Action (2000-2012). Disaster Prevention and Management, 24(3), 397–416. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-08-2014-0168 
34. Nyandiko, N.O. (2020) Devolution and disaster risk reduction in Kenya: Progress, challenges and opportunities. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 51, 101832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101832 
35. Oduro, C.Y.; Appiah-Effah, E.; Nyarko, K.B. (2021) Assessing policymaker and taxpayer attitudes towards public finance for urban sanitation: The case of sanitation surcharges in two Ghanaian municipalities. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 13(1), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2020.1827410 
36. Okoko, A. N. (2022) The legacy of vulnerability to floods in the Tana River, Kenya. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 71, 102833. 
37. Omolo, N.; Mafongoya, P.; Ngesa, O. (2017) Gender and Resilience to Climate Variability in Pastoralists Livelihoods System: Two Case Studies in Kenya. Journal of Sustainable Development, 10, 2, 218-227. https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v10n2p218 
38. Onyuro, R.A. (n.d.). (2020) Assessment of community resilience to impacts of climate change related disasters on the environment in lower Nyando river basin, Kisumu County, Kenya. Ph.D. Thesis, Kabarak University, Nakuru, Kenia. http://ir.kabarak.ac.ke/handle/123456789/669 
39. Otwori, D.; Nyandiko, N. (2024) Challenges against the Achievement of Disaster Risk Reduction Strategies in African States. Journal of the Kenya National Commission for UNESCO, 4(1), Article 1. 
40. Ouyang, H.; Tang, X.; Zhang, R.; Baklanov, A.; Brasseur, G.; Kumar, R.; Han, Q.; Luo, Y. (2023) Resilience Building and Collaborative Governance for Climate Change Adaptation in Response to a New State of More Frequent and Intense Extreme Weather Events. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 14(1), 162–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-023-00467-0 
41. Paterson, S.K.; Pelling, M.; Nunes, L.H.; de Araújo Moreira, F.; Guida, K.; Marengo, J.A. (2017) Size does matter: City scale and the asymmetries of climate change adaptation in three coastal towns. Geoforum, 81, 109–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.02.014 
42. Peters, L.E.R. (2022) Disasters as Ambivalent Multipliers: Influencing the Pathways from Disaster to Conflict Risk and Peace Potential Through Disaster Risk Reduction. Journal of Peacebuilding & Development, 17(2), 151–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/15423166221081516 
43. Mchopa A. (2021) Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches By: Mugenda O.M. and Mugenda A. Sfrican Centre for technology studies (acts) press, NAIROBI – KENYA, 2003. ISBN: 9966-41-107-0. 256 PP. Journal of Co-operative and Business Studies (JCBS). (n.d.). Retrieved April 13, 2025, from https://journals.mocu.ac.tz/index.php/jcbs/article/view/148 
44. Saya, S.; Hasan, T.M.; Mimura, S.; Okada, T.; Roth, M.; Kohler, S.; Rector, I.; Morgan, G.; Griekspoor, A.; Missal, R.; Vasta, K.; Takase, C.; Erginthe, E.; Manluta, J.I.; Bhatt, M.R.; Martin, N.; Morgan, D.; Brassard, C.; Wilkinson, S.; … Coppola, D. (2017) Build Back Better: In recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction. UNISDR. https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/53213
45.   Tazeze, A. Haji, J. (2012a) Climate Change Adaptation Strategies of Smallholder Farmers: The Case of Babilie District, East Harerghe Zone of Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 3, 14. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234645773.pdf 
46. Thornton, P.K.; Ericksen, P.J.; Herrero, M.; Challinor, A. J. (2014) Climate variability and vulnerability to climate change: A review. Global Change Biology, 20(11), 3313–3328. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12581 
47. Tiepolo, M.; Braccio, S.; Fiorillo, E.; Galligari, A.; Katiellou, G.L.; Massazza, G.; Sitta, A.A.; Tankari, A.M.; Tarchiani, V. (2021) Method for pluvial flood risk assessment in rural settlements characterised by scant information availability. MethodsX, 8, 101532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2021.101532 
48. Ulbrich, P.; Sobral, A.V.L.; Rivera-Flórez, L.A.; Rodríguez-Gaviria, E.M.; Coaffee, J.; Marchezini, V.; de Albuquerque, J.P. (2023) Assessing equity in disaster risk governance in Brazil and Colombia. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 32(4/5), 461–476. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-06-2023-0142 
49. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction Regional Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2023: Europe and Central Asia—UCL Discovery. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2025, from https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10182237/ 
50. van Niekerk, D.; Coetzee, C.; Nemakonde, L. (2020) Implementing the Sendai Framework in Africa: Progress Against the Targets (2015–2018). International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 11(2), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-020-00266-x 
51. Vincent, K. (2022) A review of gender in agricultural and pastoral livelihoods based on selected countries in West and East Africa. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.908018 
52. Wamsler, C.; Brink, E.; Rentala, O. (2012) Climate Change, Adaptation, and Formal Education: The Role of Schooling for Increasing Societies’ Adaptive Capacities in El Salvador and Brazil. Ecology and Society, 17(2). https://www.jstor.org/stable/26269029 
53. Ward, P.J.; Daniell, J.; Duncan, M.; Dunne, A.; Hananel, C.; Hochrainer-Stigler, S.; Tijssen, A.; Torresan, S.; Ciurean, R.; Gill, J.C.; Sillmann, J.; Couasnon, A.; Koks, E.; Padrón-Fumero, N.; Tatman, S.; Tronstad Lund, M.; Adesiyun, A.; Aerts, J.C.J.H.; Alabaster, A.; … de Ruiter, M. C. (2022) Invited perspectives: A research agenda towards disaster risk management pathways in multi-hazard) Risk assessment. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 22(4), 1487–1497. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1487- 2022 
54. Weingärtner, L.; Ulrichs, M.; Costella, C.; Kohnstamm, S.; Nyukuri, E. (2019) Linking financial services and social protection for resilience in Kenya. ODI Global. https://media.odi.org/documents/12701.pdf 
55. Wilkinson, E.; King-Okumu, C. (2019) Building resilience from the ground up. Disasters, 43(Suppl 3), S233–S244. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12345
56.   Zahra, F.T.; Tariq, F.; Jamil, F. (2025) A study on climate-resilient housing in Pakistan: identifying critical indicators for sustainable development. Environmental Research Communications, 7(3), 035022. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/adbe2d